中國現當代建築的一些思考——對於奢侈與永恆的辯論（未完待續） Some Reflections on Contemporary Chinese Architecture - A Luxury and Eternal Debate on Architecture

中國當代建築設計理論的一些思考——關於廣義的奢侈與永恆的辯論（未完待續）

The Reflections on Modern and Contemporary Chinese Architecture - A Luxury and Timeless Debate on Architecture (Chinese Version)

Original was published in 2014, edited in 2015, 2017 (unfinished)

By Anqi Yang

San Francisco and Silicon Valley, CA

Hidden Valley House, Zhejiang province, China. Designed by SU Architects, photo by Yilong Zhao

我們在建築歷史書籍的古代建築分冊中所了解到的眾多著名建築與園林，無論是在中國或是西方建築史學書上所舉的例子，幾乎都是為歷史上的王公貴族宗教祭祀而建的。當然，這類建築物更是歷史上同時期的文化、藝術、技術乃至政治國力的集中體現，是無法取代的研究建築歷史藝術文化歷史的參考來源。隨著西方的中世紀城鎮大量興起，文藝復興與啟蒙運動所產生了革命性的影響，在建築與城市發展商體現得淋淋盡職，比如大量的市政項目和城市公共空間的建造，道路的整體規劃，乃至房地產的開發行為，翻天覆地的改變了西歐的城市規劃與建築形式。緊接著在第二次工業革命後期，以柯布西埃為代表的現代主義運動在歐洲乃至東歐的列寧時代的蘇俄開始興起，現代主義建築從一誕生幾乎就披上了社會主義意識形態的外衣，畢竟現代主義的理論宗旨是反對曾經的教條、權威、權貴、等級化的建築形式。柯布西埃（Le Corbusier）的新建築，否定了過去的學院主義建築教條思想，當然也否定了新的建築只為權貴服務的這種價值觀。這類整體規劃的無差異化的建築體制和原型，在三十年代尤其是戰後得到了幾乎是全球範圍的推廣，尤其是那些發展中國家和戰爭中重創的國家，從法國巴黎，北歐的瑞典芬蘭，再到德國柏林，東歐的波蘭華沙，東到蘇聯時期的列寧格勒、莫斯科，再到遠東的中國沈陽、北京，朝鮮的平壤，延伸到南亞的印度昌迪加爾，中東的伊朗德黑蘭，以及非洲大陸的內羅畢，及至拉美的巴西利亞（1），當然還有美國的紐約、波士頓和聖路易斯城（2）。及至今日及未來的相當一段時間，現代主義建築及規劃理論仍舊指引著世界上部分國家地區的建設，比如最近中國在非洲安哥拉援建的羅安達新城。當然，西方學術界對於現代主義建築與城市規劃理論進行了部分的批判（3），即使是在中國，社會民眾對於這樣千篇一律的城市規劃與住宅樣式也甚為反感，它們往往沒有反映出文化特征與個性，無差異化而缺乏人情味。這裡並不是說現代主義建築理論缺乏人文關懷，絕不可否認，現代主義住宅建築理論上恰恰是強調形式多變與創新，打破條條框框的古典規矩的新樣式，正如柯布西埃所繪製的方案那樣，但是往往在實施起來不可能如此的完全將理想轉化為現實，設計的多元化因素大量的減少，住宅單元千篇一律，初期符合經濟效益卻極大的忽視了複雜的社會人文問題。像巴西利亞這樣龐大的項目，之所以沒有能建立一個理想的社區，是由於該項目忽略了社區種族多元，人口流動率大，社群文化歸屬等一系列的社會科學問題，當然也就不可能完全依靠行政規劃出的一個這樣的“共同社區”來實現。

The Open Source & Transformable Mobile Prefabricated Micro House Group Solution-I (English and Chinese)

The Open Source & Transformable Mobile Prefabricated Micro House Group with Self- Sufficient System Solution (I)

開源與可變型移動式裝配型微型房屋自足體系解決方案 (I)

By Anqi Yang

Key Words

open-source architecture, modular building, open design, prefabricated architecture, sustainable architecture, micro-housing, co-housing, mobile housing, self-sufficient habitats, experimental architecture, transformable architecture, industrial design, residential and hotel, personalized design/manufacture, the experience economy

關鍵字

開源架構，模塊化建築，開放式設計，預製建築，可持續建築，微型住房，共同住房，移動住房，自給自足生存體系，實驗建築，可變式建築，工業設計，住宅和酒店，定制化設計/製造，體驗經濟模式

Background/Argument

In the past several years, architectural design methods have been influenced by the latest technological achievements in a variety of fields-Big Data, VR, IOT, AI, online business, mobile internet, and personalize project development. There is no doubt that the architectural design industry will continue adapting to the internet business models and techniques widely and deeply. While, if we turn our focuses from the architecture design field to the other fields like the real estate industry, it proves that the statement is almost incorrect in reality. The facts are that the architecture design industry didn't occupy the market as public images normally, in contrast, the majority of the architecture and buildings projects over the world are developed and built by speculators and individuals, which means there is a huge number of building projects are manufactured and reproduced all the time. In this point, the architecture industry is far behind the IT industry. Fortunately, many companies and institutes started out a diversity of solutions, and the same manner is to give their clients more authority on personalizing on the design and construction process. 

In the past two decades, the Internet-led high-tech personal computers and mobile smart devices have dominated the world's personal consumer market; in the meanwhile, the Internet products and a variety of architectural applications have occupied market-dominating position, that is, the equipment defined by the software applications rather than the hardware itself, which means the core section is all about the user experience. As an illustration, in the interactive design field heavily focuses on the interface style, modules design, and operation processes. One typical example is the Android operation code, which is released in an open-source format, with Google indicating that it prefers the development of open standards. With the open-source format, software and application developers can use Android to develop mobile apps, which are sold through app stores.

It is noteworthy that the previous Pritzker Architecture Prize award-winning works reflect the contemporary and the evolution of modern architecture development direction objectively, especially in recent years, winning works, in fact, are temporary architecture projects, which are built by the recyclable and removed materials and structural systems. The award-winning projects partially reveal the contemporary and future living habitat hidden ideas and impulses. In the further steps, with highly integrated contemporary techniques and life philosophy, emphasizing the experience of the economy, participatory, personalize, and openness, the development of the living habitat project makes use of features of the Internet of things, large data, artificial intelligence, virtual reality, and 3D Print digital manufacturing. The management method could refer to the hotel operation models rather than the traditional real estate management model, which is not friendly to the customers. 

The main task for this exploration of the project is to quest the efficient and valuable methods for the integration of the branch of technologies and new ideas. The exploration of the project is not intended to solve a specific commercial, political or social issue, on the contrary, as the project name, which proposed a series of open-ended propositions; the scope of the application is ambiguous and uncertain. The prototype of the project was transplanted from the early years of Japan's metabolic building models. In this new vision, the project combined with industrial design and engineering design, the Internet, open architecture design platform, artificial intelligence, and Internet business management model combined to its entire life cycle of maintenance management.

當前的建筑設計已開始置於這個全球去中心化的社會發展浪潮中，移動互聯網、人工智能、物聯網、虛擬現實、大數據等個人化虛擬化和制定化早已經滲透到人們生活方方面面，建築業也絕不例外，互聯網和新科技已經深刻的影響到這個行業的方方面面。互聯網商業模式經過多年的發展，如今已經形成了一個極為龐大的網絡交互體系。在過去的將近二十年裡，由互聯網高科技主導的個人電腦及移動智能設備一直主宰著世界個人消費市場，與此同時，互聯網產品軟體和各種架構應用應運而生，成為真正主導個人智能設備市場走向的力量，即設備由軟體應用定義、詮釋、更新換代，硬件卻不那麼重要，重要的是核心部分，就是體驗的那部分。

比如在交互設計極為重視界面的風格、模塊和流程非常細致的方方面面，同樣的基於安卓平台開發的應用軟體，針對不同的客戶群體，卻有那麼多不同的體驗設計，雖然大體風格並無多大差異，但商家的競爭一定是在細節處理上下極大的功夫。這種體驗消費模式，同樣的在建築上的重要性凸顯，這種體驗甚至是從消費者開始構想到其終生。本質上，這裏需要做的不僅局限於延續與發展當代建築理論，更是要結合計算機網絡工程電商的思想與實踐方法。

值得註意的是，歷屆的普裏茲克獲獎作品都非常忠實的反映出當代世界對於現代建築的演變發展方向，尤其是最近幾屆的獲獎作品都是臨時建築，是運用可回收材料可拆除式的結構來建構。結合當代的技術與生活理念，強調體驗經濟，制定化服務，參與性，多元性，開放性，還有以科技為依托的互聯網商業模式、物聯網、大數據、人工智能、虛擬現實、3D打印數字制造、新材料等等。管理上，可以盡可能的結合酒店式物業管理模式，摒棄傳統的繁瑣而對於消費者並不友好的傳統房產管理模式。目前技術層面來看，從設計到工程的客觀條件等這些因素都不缺乏，更不缺乏行業對高科技的成功運用的經驗，況且它們都在當下已經有了長足的發展，而相對而言缺乏的是如何將新的理念與諸多的技術有效有經濟社會價值的整合起來。

再提到聯合國人居署的實踐例子，幾乎所有的居住類建築 - 尤其是那些可負擔可持續的綠色居住建築保護都非常依賴於當地的技術，經濟狀況，產業商業規模，工藝和地域文化；而這些建築也非常深刻的反應出特殊的文化符號與文脈建築的裝飾，材料的搭配，風格與形態，結構 等都有體現。這對完全希望通過整體裝配式建築生產者以及那些過分強調商業運作的房地產商有一個極具價值的指導意義。差異化，藝術性，深入每個住宅單元體的細節，通過生命週期間不斷地微調，恰可解決了一些關於傳統建築的問題比如過於單調、缺乏變化的建築產品。預製建築本身就是技術與生產水平的進步表現，其意義在於，預製化建築是經過簡化了的類似項目，那麼就要避免構件複雜繁多，耦合匹配度低，不能兼容，替換複雜代價高難度大，修理難，拆卸回收率低的問題。

所有的這一切，為建築體驗模式埋下了堅實的基礎。而該項目並不是要解決一個具體的商業、政治或社會問題，相反，正如項目名稱一樣，是提出了一系列開源性的命題，適用的範圍與邊界具有模糊性和不確定性。這種結合體移植於早年日本的新陳代謝建築模式，放在當今的視野，結合了工業設計和工程設計，也必然和互聯網、開放建築設計平台、人工智能等技術及互聯網商業管理模式結合到其策劃設計到建造維護管理的生命週期全過程。

Vibrating: "Surface Dynamics"

Vibrating: "Surface Dynamics"

(originally published in Nov 2013, edited in 2016)

by Anqi Yang, directed by Jean Jaminet, SCAD

Following the design mission, the new pedestrian thoroughfare for the Turner Overpass will be pictured as a bridge-pavilion mix-use one accommodates reading, cafe, gallery, and service spaces that connect Turner Residence Hall with SCAD Café in the Campus (figure ). As Jean describes in the mission, "The premise of this studio is to reimagine the concept of the architectural surface......This new surface will incorporate both volumetric (spatial) and curvilinear (circulation) elements, transforming the existing arched bridge and connecting it to the surrounding context." Through surface topological transformation geometry, the material logic language of the architecture form and the space modulation is generated by digital techniques and modeling manipulation.

The city of Savannah Georgia is full of memorial and landmarks which occupied in the numerous iconic architectural styles, with an even longer history than the United States the city has established with amazing obviously coherent patterns and styles. The heritage of the city history is an identity and timeless grids of time periods, as well as typical historical styles of American architecture, revealed in the current context of Savannah’s city fabric: relatively static with minor extension activities occurring in a linear growth manner. 

Transforming the existing historical bridge into a new permeable consistent space that interactive the surrounding context is a supposition of the design proposal is prepossessing. 

With the vibration manner and their full potential, the lowest frequency——the fundamental frequency and overtones, which means allow one to transcend another in speed, resulting in the circumstance of void and asymmetrical into the agglomerate. Generating from the rudimentary objects and the topography lines of the context, five pairs of motivation particles simultaneous accelerate into irregular simple harmonic motion in the four-dimensional condition from both end boundaries of the bridge surface-x, y, z-axis and the axis of time. With the increment and reduction of vibration particles, a continuity of nadir and summit are forming into a timeline path which is traced by the concurrent accurate without intermittent. The consequent of the linear exuding is generating into protruding and concavity geometries, the volumetric objects, which are finally aggregate into agglomerate by the unidirectional transferring.

The linear vibration digs into the solid bridge and creates curvilinear negative volume, compared with the rumbling mass. A massive synthesis is yield between the x-axis and the y-axis in their original posture and assimilates into the geometries and the context. Under the vibration manner, the set of particles finally aggregated into dynamic geometries which demonstrate the development of a movement complex configuration.

The volumes are shaped by their surfaces and also through the apertures. This project helps to redefine a language of surface logic that creates a variety of motivations, which compose a sequence of rhythmic and fluent positive and negative spaces. Those motivations begin and end without any specific points, they are fused into the natural and artificial objects. One of the analog images supplies the diagram ideas and the gradual changing principles which are called "Golden Fish Greeting" and it is a traditional Chinese painting, which presents the harmony, balanced and dynamic sense. The painting may be referenced for the inspiration of the definition of fluid, solid, and void space.

"Architecture is the simplest way to articulate time and space, to mold reality, to let people dream. It isn't just plastic articulation and molding, an expression of fleeting beauty. But rather, influential modulation that is inscribed in the eternal curve of human desires and progress in he realization of these desires" (Alberto, 7). 

Project Basic Information:

Location: Bridge of the Turner House, North West Boundary of the City of Savannah, GA, 

Programming: a student club includes Cafe, Reading, Gallery, Services areas

Goal of Design: Surface & Space Logic Exploration

巴洛克音樂與巴洛克及哥特式建築關係初步探討 (Chinese version, originally published in 2008)

巴洛克音樂與巴洛克及哥特式建築關係初步探討

（原文發表於2008年，刪改於2016年）

聖依納爵進入天堂，約1707年，安德里亞·波佐

提及巴洛克時期，應該說是文藝復興後到1750年前那麼數百年間，很少有人會像文藝復興時期晚期批評家那樣那些他們認為不太符合古典樣式的建築藝術作品進行尖刻的評論。廣義上，巴洛克這一詞涵蓋了當時整個建築，音樂，雕塑，繪畫，文學，甚至科學哲學等領域，以及那時期的城市面貌與市民風情。那是一個值得讚歎的時代，在這個工業革命前夕，歐洲版圖跌落與文化融合期，是一個藝術異常多樣而繁榮的時代，人文的成就達到了史前的高度。科學界的牛頓，到文學界的彌爾頓，再到哲學界的笛卡爾康德。十七世紀世紀哲學一般被認為是近代哲學的開端，中世紀的方法，尤其是經院哲學在路德宗教改革的影響下衰落了。那個“理性的時代”，既延續了文藝復興的傳統，也是啟蒙運動的序曲。這個時期，科學的進步撼動傳傳的經院哲學。哥白尼“天體運行論”以日心說否定地心說，人不是宇宙的中心;歐洲天體力學產生了多有引力定律;萊布尼茲創世微積分;威廉哈維對心臟與血液的研究....;全體削弱著人們對“奇蹟和上帝對人類事物的作用”的信念。

起源於文藝復興後期的意大利及德國周邊地區的巴洛克音樂，以維瓦爾第，泰雷曼，史卡拉第，庫普蘭，拉莫與巴赫為代表，變革性的改變音樂的可能;華麗，辉煌，流暢，裝飾，變奏，重複，想像凌駕於規則之上但卻服從緻密而繁複的循環規律。建築上，打開了之前相對封閉的結構，讓光在建築中扮演變幻莫測而極具絢麗的角色。理性主義的誕生讓建築回歸到古典語言上，不同於文藝復興時期，此時期的建築語言基本成分組合更富於變化，將曲線，弧面，橢圓等非棱“修飾”要素引入元素中。建築師們調用一切藝術手段來表達某個完整但卻往復循環的主題上，具有一種擴張，無窮的運動感。這也正好反映在巴洛克音樂理論中，如復調音樂結構，對雖然其音樂極具裝飾性而華麗輝煌，複雜多變，但其音樂本質是純樸的，理性的，其調性，結構卻是一目了然的，這很不同於往後的浪漫主義音樂風格。

The WDI Model: The Secrets of Walt Disney Parks and Resorts Success (Section II)

The WDI Model: The Secrets of Walt Disney Parks and Resorts Success

Section II

By Anqi Yang

A Photo of  Enchanted Storybook Castle at Shanghai Disneyland

Generally, in the big picture, the WDI’s process roughly includes Prologue, Blue Sky, concept development, design, models, construction, and epilogue. The prologue contains the needs, requirements, and constraints, which take the leader position in the all design stage from Blue Sky to construction. The epilogue stage will evaluate each of the design stages. starry spectacles with a socially-minded gesture or two. For instance, the "Design" stage above comprises several relative stages, including facility design, ride design, and show design. Similarly, the "construction" stage comprises construction and production, rock work engineering, show installation, test, and other service stages. Since the design, modeling, and construction stages are similar to what the general design firms do, the following articles will list the key characteristics of the workflow in the WDI design process-Blue Sky and Concept design stage.

The WDI Model: The Secrets of Walt Disney Parks and Resorts Success (Section I)

The WDI Model: The Secrets of Walt Disney Parks and Resorts Success

Section I:

By Anqi Yang

fig 1. An imagination painting of Shanghai Disneyland Castle. Comparing with the painting, there is no big difference with the final architecture we saw in Shanghai Disneyland besides minor modifications

Walt Disney Imagineering, as one of the leading design department, belongs to Walt Disney  Company, the sub-department of Walt Disney Parks and Resorts, have made tremendous and extraordinary contributions and achievements in the past half-century since it was set up.

Critical Regionalism and Civic Architecture-a way of twenty one century of the world

Critical Regionalism and Civic Architecture-a Way of Twenty-One Century of the World

Anqi Yang

Originally published on July 25, 2013

Directed by Dr. Patrick Haughey

In the UIA 20th World Congress of Architects of 1999, Bei Jing Charter was proposed and generated the regulations of contemporary sustainable architecture and Generalized Architecture. Unfortunately, until now more and more damages have done to the environment and society by architecture activities; nearly seventy percent of people of the world still have not received the benefits from modern architectural development. Forests and farmlands have been unrecoverable seriously destroyed by the architecture activities in many countries many places in the world, which constantly threatened the biological system on the earth. Following the main ideas of the two papers “Some Reflections on Architecture and Construction”, by Eladio Dieste, and “Design for Life Informality and Reflexivity in a Second Modernity”, by Robert Cowherd, this essay will give a relative full visual for the path of the modern architecture in the twenty-first century.

Contrast between Le-Corbusier and Scott, James C’s Thoughts on Modern City Planning

The contrast between Le-Corbusier and Scott, James C’s Thoughts on Modern City Planning

Anqi Yang

Originally published on July 12, 2013

Directed by Dr. Patrick Haughey

The modernism in city planning has influenced all over the world for a long time, and there is no doubt that Le-Corbusier is the modern city, spiritual leader. Although his plans were only adopted and implemented in the project of Chandigarh, in fact, that many of the modern city plans in the world in twenty century were more or less influenced by Le-Corbusier’s modern city thoughts. From Former East Germany to the Former Soviet Union to China, from Northern Africa to Mid-east, from America to South America, many people could not get rid of the shade of the modern cities. Le-Corbusier’s philosophy on modernism city planning has many common points with the nationalism, and this is why his modern city plans are very popular in socialism countries.

Le-Corbusier has made huge effects on modern city planning theories and practices all around the world. He criticized the facts of traditional and aged urban cities, such as Paris. The people lived in the crowd neighborhoods which were darkness, moisture, chaos, dirty. There were no enough green lands for those people, and many people could not enjoy the sunlight in their homes. The facilities were old, out of dates, and people could not share the convenient, comfortable, safety, economic, efficient daily lives brought from the mechanical Age.